118
S
tate
of
I
ndia
’
s
L
ivelihoods
R
eport
2015
above who received/are receiving vocational
training is estimated at 6.8 per cent at All India
level. In rural and urban areas, it is 6.2 and
8.2 per cent respectively.
Out of the 6.8 per cent vocationally
trained persons, 2.8 per cent received for-
mal training and remaining 4 per cent were
informally trained. About 76 per cent of
the persons aged 15 years and above have
reported to be employed at All India level
who have received/receiving vocational
training during the reference period. A
significant proportion of females, about 39
per cent, have not joined the labour force
after receiving vocational training in dif-
ferent fields. Among vocationally trained
employed persons, 45.2 per cent are in self-
employed category followed by 30 per cent
under wage/salaried employee.
Among formally trained employed per-
sons, about 60 per cent are reported in wage/
salaried category followed by 26 per cent
under the self-employed category. In case
of informally trained employed persons,
a majority of about 55 per cent are self-
employed followed by 24 per cent under
casual category and 15 per cent as wage/
salaried earners. The survey results reveal
that with increase in education level, the
unemployment rate, among persons aged
15 years and above, has also increased. In
case of ‘graduates’ and ‘post graduates’ the
unemployment rate is about 14 per cent
and 12 per cent respectively. Whereas, in
case of ‘not literate’ and ‘below primary’
persons, the unemployment rate is less than
2 per cent each.
Higher levels of educationdonot improve
employment prospects as seen in Figure 6.5.
Inexplicably, unemployment levels are
highest amongst those with a diploma or
a certificate level education which includes
a variety of technical trades and vocations
(ITIs too award diplomas and certificates).
With higher education, expectations of
better jobs increase and amismatch between
available opportunities and aspirations
develops. The link between education and
employability needs strengthening. People
pursuing higher education also need to be
and salaried employment is increasing and
has registered 3 per cent increase over 7 years
but still it is low at 18 per cent in 2011–12.
During 2011–12, for both males (51
per cent of workers) and females (56 per cent
of workers), majority of the workers were
engaged in self-employment. The share
of casual labour employment in the total
workforce of both males and females was
significant—29 per cent amongmaleworkers
and 31 per cent among female workers. In
the rural areas, the share of casual labour in
the total workforce of males and females was
almost the same (36 per cent formales and 35
per cent for females); self-employment was
higher for females (55 per cent for males and
59 per cent for females) and regular wage/
salaried employment was higher formales (10
per cent formales and 6 per cent for females).
Sectoral engagement:
Among the workers,
about 49 per cent, 24 per cent and 27 per cent
were engaged in agricultural sector, secondary
sector and tertiary sector respectively. Among
the female workers, about 63 per cent were
engaged in agricultural sector while about 56
per cent of the male workers were engaged
either in secondary sector and tertiary sector.
In rural areas, nearly 59 per cent of the male
workers and nearly 75 per cent of the female
workers were engaged in the agricultural
sector. A more recent report, ‘Education,
Skill Development and Labour Force’ is
based on the Fourth Annual Employment–
Unemployment Survey
14
2013–14 conducted
by Labour Bureau.
15
The survey results have
been derived separately for persons receiving/
received formal
16
and informal vocational
training.
17
Population aged 15 years and
14
The survey has been conducted in all the States/
UTs by covering all the districts covering 1,36,395
households and the field work executed from January
2014 to July 2014.
15
GoI, 2014, Education, Skill Development and
Labour Force, Vol. 3, 2013–14, GoI, Ministry of Labour
& Employment, Labour Bureau, Chandigarh.
16
Formal vocational training is a training which is
acquired through institutions under structural training
programme and led to recognised certificate or diploma.
17
Informal training is defined as the process of
acquiring the expertise in a vocation through ancestors
over generations.
